Water recycling and reuse

State of the art (2026)

Water reuse is expanding under separate sets of rules for different uses. California adopted its rules for direct potable reuse, where treated wastewater goes into the drinking water supply, on 19 December 2023. They took effect on 1 October 2024. California's rules for onsite reuse of non-drinking water in buildings took effect in April 2026. A rule taking effect does not mean a project has a permit or is running. We do not have confirmed capacity, cost or completion dates for individual plants.

AI data centre cooling is the new structural demand driver

Hyperscaler water consumption has become the fastest-growing industrial water demand category. Google disclosed roughly 8.1 billion gallons across its global operations in 2024 (up from 6.4 billion in 2023, with Council Bluffs, Iowa, alone near 1 billion) and Microsoft roughly 1.7 billion gallons, up 34% year-on-year – making AI data centres the politically salient face of industrial water consumption. The industry response is closed-loop and reclaimed-water adoption at scale. Microsofts August 2024 zero-water-evaporated design is being piloted at Phoenix and Mt Pleasant in 2026 (those campuses coming online from late 2027), each avoiding over 125 million litres per data centre per year. Google operates a quarter-plus of its campuses on reclaimed or non-potable water (Douglas County, Georgia runs entirely on recycled municipal wastewater). Amazon has committed to recycled water at 120+ data centres by 2030, saving an estimated 530 million gallons of fresh water annually. The structural read is that hyperscaler water reuse is normalising industrial closed-loop adoption across other high-consumption categories (semiconductor fabs, lithium processing, pharma manufacturing) that have lagged on reuse adoption for cost-only reasons.

Direct potable reuse moves from feasibility to construction across the US Southwest

Direct potable reuse (DPR) - taking treated wastewater straight to the drinking-water distribution system without environmental-buffer storage - has moved past regulatory and engineering questions into construction. California adopted DPR regulations in 2023 and is implementing them through 2026; Texas TCEQ issued case-by-case DPR guidance in November 2022; Colorado adopted regulations in 2024. El Paso Water's Pure Water Center - the first direct-to-distribution DPR facility in the United States, 10 mgd capacity - is now targeting 2028 commissioning (slipped from an earlier 2026 target). Singapore's NEWater (1.2 mgd operational since 2003, expanding to 55% of total water supply by 2060) and Orange County's Groundwater Replenishment System (130 mgd indirect-potable scale-up) remain the global references. The barrier to broader adoption is no longer regulatory or engineering - it is political risk-acceptance at municipal level. Drought severity through 2026-2028 will compress that political resistance.

Industrial zero-liquid discharge becomes the standard for new fab and battery capex

Industrial zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) and closed-loop water recycling are moving from best-practice to default for new high-water-intensity facilities - semiconductor fabs, lithium and other critical-minerals processing, EV battery manufacturing, and refining. TSMC, Intel, Samsung Foundry, GlobalFoundries, and Micron have committed to water-positive or net-zero water targets for new facility builds. Major data-centre developers (Compass, Digital Realty, Equinix, QTS) are integrating closed-loop and reclaimed water requirements into site selection and PPA structures. The structural consequence is that water-related capex becomes a meaningful line item in the EPC budget of new industrial facilities through 2026-2028, comparable to electrical and HVAC fitouts.